Italy's classification system is largely based on the French one. It also has 4 classes of wine, of which two fall under the EU category Quality Wine Produced in a Specific Region (QWPSR) and two under the category of Table Wine. The four classes are (in hierarchical order):

Vino da Tavola (VdT), litteraly "table wine", wine without appelation, i.e. without a specific mention of the geographical origin nor of the vintage year.
Practically speaking, these wines may be made from any grape, or mixture of grapes, anywhere in Italy. NOTE: this is not always similar to the definitions of 'Table Wine' in other countries.

Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT) - Denotes wine from a more specific area within Italy, but still larger than for a DOC or DOCG. This area may corresponds to an entire region, as in the case of Toscano in Tuscany and Sicilia on Sicily, or be limited to a valley or a range of hills. The IGT classification does not define the wine's composition or production method.

Note: Vdt or IGT does not necessarily refer to a lower-quality wine. Some Italian wine producers purposely do not subscribe to the DOC or DOCG regulations because they want to remain free to produce the wine of their choice with their own selection of grapes. Some are long-established wines that have always existed outside the DOC or DOCG regulations.

Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC), established by law in 1963 and applied to wines bearing higher quality characteristics than table wine and IGT. The label of a DOC wine will indicate the name and place of origin of the wine, as well as the area, the year of production and the techniques used. It may also indicate the variety of authorized grapes, production per hectar, aging period and organolectic characteristics. Italy counts over 300 DOC typologies;

Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG), established in 1980.

Both DOC and DOCG wines refer to areas that are more specific than an IGT, and the grapes allowed as well as the aging process are also more specifically defined. The main difference between a DOC and a DOCG is that the latter, in order to be designated as a wine from the area in question, must pass in-depth chemical analyses and a quality blind taste test in addition to conforming to the strict legal requirements.

Presently, there are 120 IGT zones, approximately 300 DOC designations, and about 30 DOCG appelations. Baralo, for example is produced in 20 municipalities, Barbaresco in only 5. For a list of the main DOCG, see further down this page.

Additionaly, DOCG wines can be classified as either:

• riserva (kept in barrel for a longer time time than the minimum requirement for that specific DOCG)
• superiore (with a higher concentration of alcohol than the DOC and with a limited production).
• classico (produced in the historical center of the vineyard)
• vigna/vigneto (followed by the name of a unique vineyard)

Major DOCG wines of Italy

Barbaresco (Piedmont, vine: Nebbiolo)
Barolo (Piedmont, vine: Nebbiolo)
Brachetto d'Acqui (Piedmont, vine: Brachetto)
Brunello di Montalcino (Tuscany, vine: Sangiovese)
Carmignano (Tuscany, vine: Sangiovese, Cabernet)
Chianti (Tuscany, vine: Sangiovese)
Chianti classico (Tuscany, vine: Sangiovese)
Franciacorta (Lombardy, vine: Chardonnay, pinot nero)
Taurasi (Campania, vine: Aglianico)
Torgiano rosso riserva (Umbria, vine: Sangiovese)
Vino nobile di Montepulciano (Tuscany, vine: Sangiovese)

See also:
Reading Wine Labels
Italian Wine regions
Major Italian Red and White wines