Archimedes (c. 287 BC- c. 212 BC)
Archimedes was an ancient  mathematician, physicist, astronomer and engineer born in Syracyse, Sicily, then a colony of Magna Graecia. Legend has it that he discovered the principle of specific gravity while in the bath. A large part of Archimedes' work in engineering arose from fulfilling the needs of his home city of Syracuse. The Claw of Archimedes, for example, is said to have been designed by Archimedes in order to defend the city of Syracuse. The claw, which consisted of a crane-like arm from which a large metal grappling hook was suspended, could lift a ship out of the water and possibly sink it when the claw was dropped on it.

Enrico Fermi (1901 - 1954)
Enrico Fermi is considered one of the most important scientists of the 20th century for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics. The particles subject to Pauli's exclusion principle are called "fermions" after his name and the statistical laws governing these particles are called "Fermi statistics".

Unlike his inventions, the mathematical writings of Archimedes were little known in antiquity.

Not all of his written work has survived, and seven of his treatises are known to exist only through references made to them by other authors.

Amedeo Avogadro (1176-1856)

Giovanni Battista Beccaria (1716-1781)

Fermi was born in Rome on 29th September, 1901 and became American citizen in 1944. At the end of the war (1946) he accepted a professorship at the Institute for Nuclear Studies of the University of Chicago, a position which he held until his untimely death in 1954. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938 for his work on artificial (induced) radioactivity.

Leonardo Fibonacci (c. 1175-1250)

Guido Fubini (1879-1943)

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Luigi Galvani (1737-1798)

Rita Levi-Montalcini (b. 1909)

Ettore Majorana (1906-1938)

Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937)
An Italian engineer, famous for having invented wireless telegraphy. See: Italian inventors.

Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923)
An Italian economist and sociologist.
The Pareto distribution, Pareto efficieny, Pareto index and Pareto principle are named after him.

Carlo Rubbio (b. 1934)

Emilio Segrè (1905-1989)

Evangelista Torrecelli (1608-1647)

Giovanni Battista Venturi (1746-1822)

Alessandro Volta (1745-1822)
Known for having invented the electric battery. See: Italian inventors.